![]() The accuracy requirements for engineering and mining surveys are usually higher than for any other surveying application. Surveying is needed at all stages of most civil engineering or mining projects: in planning and design, during the construction or mining process, and, finally, in monitoring the stability of the constructed object or surrounding rocks. The spatial information may be displayed in the form of maps, digital terrain models, or just as a list of coordinates of the points of interest in a selected coordinate system. This information serves as a base for the establishment of geographic information systems (GIS) for the management of land and marine resources, for monitoring environmental changes, and for planning, designing and setting out engineering works. Surveying is the field of applied science and engineering that deals with spatial information about positions of points on, above or below the earth's surface.
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